There is a number of ways to distinguish different groups of real estate. One of them is distinguishing according to the building project. Each building project is defined by different technical parameters, such as:

building materials
number of floors
floor height
available area
units of infrastructure (balconies, garbage chutes, elevators, etc.)
In Latvia, the majority of residential real estate falls into categories that can be described and distinguished using these and some other parameters. These categories are called ‘projects’ (in Latvian: projekti). In total, there are 14 most common projects:

Brezhnev type
Czech project
French project
Khrushchev type (brick walls)
Khrushchev type (concrete panel walls)
New Lithuanian project
Old Lithuanian project
Small family type
Apartment category: Stalin type
Type 103
Type 104
Type 119
Type 467
Type 602
As projects are distinguished by parameters that are usually most important for residents, it is advisable to find out the property type before purchasing any piece of Latvian residential real estate. Nowadays, decorative renovation and layout changes are relatively available and widespread, meaning that if you encounter a certain type that is not to your liking in general, it still does not mean that this particular apartment will not suit you. In relation to that, renovations may make any type look like any other type, so it is advisable to consult the official technical documentation of the property. The distinction between types, however, is still a useful indicator of quality, especially for parameters that are not that easily changeable, for example thermal insulation.

In addition to the aforementioned projects, there is a number of other, less standardized residential properties, such as wooden houses, pre-war apartment complexes, as well as unique special projects. It is not possible to group these by any distinct parameters, which is why it falls to your real estate agent to determine their quality.

Real estate types by building project
Understanding the different real estate types based on building projects can help you make informed decisions when searching for properties in Latvia. Each project is characterized by specific technical parameters, which play a significant role in determining the property's features and suitability. Let's explore the common real estate types:

Brezhnev type
The Brezhnev type refers to a specific category of apartments characterized by certain architectural features and design elements. These properties typically have a distinct style and layout that sets them apart from other real estate types. Understanding the key characteristics of the Brezhnev type can help you assess its suitability for your needs.

Czech project
The Czech project represents a particular style of residential buildings influenced by Czech architectural design. These properties are known for their unique features, construction methods, and overall aesthetic appeal. Exploring the key aspects of the Czech project can help you determine if it aligns with your preferences.

French project
The French project refers to a specific category of real estate inspired by French architectural styles. These properties often exhibit elegant designs, refined detailing, and a sophisticated ambiance. Discovering the distinct characteristics of the French project can assist you in evaluating its suitability for your living requirements.

Khrushchev type (brick walls)
The Khrushchev type with brick walls represents a particular style of residential buildings constructed during the Khrushchev era. These properties are characterized by their brick wall construction, which influences their structural integrity and insulation properties. Understanding the features of the Khrushchev type with brick walls can aid you in making informed decisions about these properties.

Khrushchev type (concrete panel walls)
The Khrushchev type with concrete panel walls refers to a specific category of residential buildings that emerged during the Khrushchev era. These properties are distinctive due to their construction using precast concrete panels. Examining the characteristics of the Khrushchev type with concrete panel walls can help you assess their suitability for your housing needs.

New Lithuanian project
The new Lithuanian project represents a modern approach to residential construction inspired by Lithuanian architectural trends. These properties showcase contemporary design elements, energy-efficient features, and functional layouts. Exploring the key attributes of the new Lithuanian project can assist you in evaluating its potential as a suitable living space.

Old Lithuanian project
The old Lithuanian project refers to a category of residential properties that reflect the traditional architectural style of Lithuania. These properties often possess unique characteristics, historical significance, and a distinctive charm. Understanding the features of the old Lithuanian project can help you appreciate their cultural and architectural value.

In addition to these projects, there are several other notable real estate types, such as the small family type, Stalin type, Type 103, Type 104, Type 119, Type 467, and Type 602. Exploring each type's distinct characteristics can provide valuable insights into their architectural design, layout, and suitability for different preferences and needs.

By familiarizing yourself with the various real estate types based on building projects, you can make informed decisions when searching for properties in Latvia and find a home that aligns with your vision and requirements.

The EU Blue Card is sometimes compared to the US Green Card. The blue color is said to be the color of the European Union flag, for this reason the map should be blue. Its purpose is to give non-EU/EEA citizens a work and residence permit. It offers people the right to fit into the socio-economic landscape and embark on a path that leads to permanent residence in Europe. Put simply, people can live and work in Europe without restrictions if they have a Blue Card.

Purpose of introducing an EU Blue Card
It was introduced by the European Commission in 2007, proposed and implemented in 2009 and issued by 25 countries that are member states of the EU. According to Eurostat data, in 2016 most work permits issued were registered in Germany (more than 17,000), France (more than 700) and Poland (more than 600).

The second purpose of the EU Blue Card is to make Europe a more attractive destination for professionals from outside the European Union. A special EU Blue Card program has been created for all EU member states with the exception of Great Britain, Ireland and Denmark, which invites highly qualified people to the EU states. This scheme aims to make Europe the world's most popular migration destination.

This can be guaranteed through equal salaries and working conditions for foreigners, freedom of movement within the Schengen area, socio-economic rights, favorable conditions for family reunification, permanent residence prospects and freedom of association. Obtaining the EU Blue Card has several main benefits. These include very high chances of a permanent residence permit, which entitles you to any kind of employment under easier conditions, equal rights and equal opportunities to work in Europe's largest economy and a huge business market, and easy travel opportunities.

Prerequisites for applying for a Blue Card
Although the same basic criteria can apply to all 25 member states of the EU, there are smaller additional criteria that are determined by each member state for itself. In principle, the Blue Card can be applied for if three main requirements are met. These are: non-EU nationality, educational or professional foreigners (highly qualified or skilled workers, researchers, students and trainees) and with an employment contract or binding job offer (seasonal workers, internal transfers). A person can be considered a highly skilled worker if they have an employment contract of at least one year and if they can meet the conditions listed below. If a person is able to meet these mandatory requirements, they will be given an online profile in the EU Blue Card network, which has a dual function – to consult foreigners with employers to offer them an employment contract and to allow foreigners to change their employment contract to submit applications.

In recent years there has been a shortage of workers, which is noticeable in areas such as medicine, technology, computer science (IT), natural sciences and mathematics. This means that foreigners who work in the areas mentioned usually have a better chance of receiving the EU Blue Card.

In addition, a person who is self-employed or an entrepreneur can receive the Blue Card if they have sufficient financial resources, have a business that has a positive impact on the economy of the host country and can generate an economic interest that is active in the host EU -Member State is low.

When applying, it is important to consider the time frame it will take to gather all the required documents. It usually takes 4-6 months to prepare all the required documents. Some countries arrange appointments with the relevant embassies or consulates in foreigners' home countries, others offer online applications that can be filled out by foreigners themselves or their employer or a law firm. It is expected that after applying, the person will have to wait up to 3 months for the processing to be completed.

Hong Kong has been a bastion of international trade and investment since gaining independence in July 1997. Since then, Hong Kong has received ever-growing attention from international investors and businessmen from different parts of the world. Despite numerous setbacks and recessions during the time of the Asian financial crisis as well as the global economic downturn of 2008, Hong Kong has emerged as one of the leading global investment and business hotspots, known for its liberal and low taxation as well as numerous free trade agreements, which Hong Kong is known for makes many entrepreneurs a desirable destination.

Below we provide a detailed overview of Hong Kong's economy and business environment, some opportunities that allow global investors to gain access to the local market, as well as some quite relevant risk factors that must be considered at all times.

Hong Kong and the liberal free market economy
Hong Kong is often described as one of the world's greatest experiments in laissez-faire capitalism, but some new regulations have been introduced since it all began. Despite legal upgrades and recent requirements, Hong Kong has been ranked as one of the freest countries in the world every year since 1995, based on the Index of Economic Freedom - even before it actually became independent. The country is now home to the seventh largest stock exchange in the world, the largest IPO market in the world and one of the densest concentrations of corporate offices and headquarters in Asia Pacific. Even more surprising is the fact that more than 8% of Hong Kong households have net worth in excess of $1 million.

According to the 2012 Wealth Report by Knight Frank Research and Citi Private Bank, Hong Kong will become the second largest economy in the world in terms of GDP per capita by early 2050. Just for comparison, the United States is predicted to be fifth on the list after four largest Asian economies.

Invest in Hong Kong with ETFs
One of the easiest ways for global investors to gain exposure to Hong Kong's securities is through exchange-traded funds, also known as ETFs, which provide quick diversification in a security that's traded on various international stock exchanges.

One of the most widely used Hong Kong ETFs is the iShares MSCI Hong Kong Index Fund (NYSE:EWH) with $2.7 billion in net assets and 43 total holdings.

Some other known ADRs in Hong Kong are:

AIA Group Ltd. (OTC: AAGIY)
Sun Hung Kai Properties Limited (OTC: SUHJY)
Hutchison Whampoa Ltd. (OTC: HUWHY)
Benefits and Risks of Investing in Hong Kong
Hong Kong offers numerous advantages as well as some risks directly related to investments that need to be carefully evaluated and monitored. While Hong Kong clearly represents an attractive business and investment destination, there are several risk factors that could make it a rather risky investment destination during the financial crisis.

The benefits of investing in Hong Kong include:

Leading World Economy. Hong Kong is one of the freest states in terms of economy and taxes and perhaps one of the most important global financial centers.
Proximity to Asian growth. Some of the world's largest economies that continue to develop will be located in Asia, giving Hong Kong a strong geographic advantage.

The risks of investing in Hong Kong include:

geopolitical risks. Hong Kong's ties and proximity to China make it a potential subject of geopolitical issues and disputes, given that many business leaders are Chinese.
risk concentration. Hong Kong's economy is heavily dependent on its financial sector, which puts it at great risk during economic recessions.
Things to keep in mind when dealing with Hong Kong:

Hong Kong was a bastion of capitalism in one of the fastest growing regions in the world, making it a coveted number one destination for international businesspeople.
The quickest way to get exposure to Hong Kong is through ETFs.
Investors should carefully consider all possible risks associated with Hong Kong before investing capital, particularly geopolitical risks and lack of diversification.

Trademark protection in the United States dates back to colonial times when American common law recognized some intellectual property rights. This tradition has its traces in history, because many American companies live from their marketing strategies. These companies understand the importance of registering and protecting their trademark to promote their brand.

Because of this, registering a trademark in the US is a fairly quick and cheap process compared to other countries, and even unregistered trademarks can enjoy some legal protection if they have already been used in commerce. If so, you must be able to demonstrate that your use of the mark is well established in your interstate business. This is not always easy to prove and it is not economical to hold your own against your competitor if you have skipped your trademark registration stage.

At the federal level, the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPO) administers trademark registration in the United States. Because of the legal value of commercial use of trademarks, it is possible to enter the American market before applying for registration. Nevertheless, it is also possible and often advisable to file the so-called "intent-to-use" trademark application. You can file an Intent to Use (ITU) application if you submit an affidavit, but be aware (!) that in the event of litigation, you will need to demonstrate your efforts to “commercialize” your mark soon to the application date. Later you should be able to convert the (ITU Application) to the ordinary (Use-in-Commerce Application) using a set of specific procedures.

Before any filing, it is important to conduct a thorough research for possible trademarks that could be confused with yours. Attention! This research is the responsibility of the applicant. USPO offers a search system (Trademark Electronic Search System, TESS) that can be used for this search, but it must be noted that the search engine does not consider trademarks that are not registered at the federal level but are used in commerce that differ can even assert themselves against registered ones.

Descriptive marks can only be protected (so-called weak protection) if they are considered distinctive due to their commercial use for more than 5 years. The federal agency sets strict parameters to assess the class of products or services to which your trademark relates. To avoid likelihood of confusion or many other grounds for refusal that the Office may identify, you should consider seeking legal advice.

An audit of a company's financial report is known as an audit. It is usually presented in the company's annual report prepared by auditors. As a rule, it relates to a specific previous accounting period. The audit report, which is based on a selective review of the company's performance, is the mandatory requirement after the audit is completed. The report contains an income statement, a balance sheet, a statement of changes in equity, a cash flow statement and explanations with a summary of the main accounting and valuation methods.

An audit reflects the financial condition of the company at any given point in time, including information that everything that a company owns and owes is properly recorded on the balance sheet and its losses and profits properly valued. The financial report must be prepared in accordance with certain statutory provisions. If the report is prepared, it must be approved by the company's executives (e.g. the board of directors) through an assessment of its accuracy.

Audits may also include: asking formal and informal questions, examining tangible items belonging to a company such as mechanical and electrical equipment, obtaining written confirmations, testing and monitoring certain procedures that are carried out on the company's premises.

Auditing standards

The standards for the proper audit of the financial report are set by a government. International Auditing Standards (ISAs) are available on the Internet that contain clear statements that auditors should take into account. They consist of an introduction, objectives, definitions, requirements expressed by the phrase “The examiner should”, application and other explanatory material.

There is also an e-Handbook of International Quality Control, Auditing, Review, Other Assurance, and Related Services Proouncements published in December 2016, which is available on the Internet with translations in English, Arabic, Bulgarian, Danish, French, Georgian, French, Kazakh is, Italian, Serbian, Russian, Spanish. It includes considering laws and regulations when auditing annual financial statements and amendments and other international standards consisting of new requirements addressing non-compliance with laws and regulations (NOCLAR) in the IESBA Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants.

Basic principles of auditing

There are general principles and responsibilities for the general auditing standards and the tasks of the auditor AS 1001. For example, taking into account materiality when planning and performing an audit, which has a direct effect on the determination of the final amounts. AS 1005, which indicates independence in intellectual attitude, is to be upheld by the auditor or auditors. AS 1010, which specifies the training and knowledge of the independent auditor and that an independent auditor represents a person who is skilled in accounting and auditing. AS 1015, to explain the duty of care when carrying out work. Other sections of Auditing Standards include general concepts. They provide a detailed description of the audit risk, audit evidence, and the relationship between audit standards and quality control standards. General activities describe the monitoring of the audit assignment, the audit documentation, the work of a specialist and the quality check of the assignment. Auditor communications describe communication with audit committees and communications about lack of control in an audit. Audit activities include audit planning, reporting and risk assessment. The auditor's reporting includes requirements for reports, annual financial statements and dates. Matters related to filings under federal securities laws, as well as other matters related to audits, include a perspective on responsibilities and reviews of financial information.

Audits help understand and evaluate the company's activities, take into account the economic aspects of the company that may affect its business, identify risks that can affect the company's financial condition and performance, and then create a business plan that reflects that Company helps to improve all data collected.

The limited liability company (LLC) is the most common legal form for companies in Germany. This legal form is often used by international companies that have decided to set up a subsidiary in Germany; local entrepreneurs also choose this legal form for their small and medium-sized businesses. It combines relatively few obligations with high flexibility to be set up in any economic sector. The limited liability company is subject to corporation tax, trade tax and the solidarity surcharge. The minimum share capital for LLC is EUR 25,000, with a minimum of EUR 12,500 proven in the bank account at the time of company registration. As the name of this legal form suggests, the shareholders are only liable for the capital they have contributed and do not risk their personal assets.

An LLC is usually managed and legally represented by the directors of the company. In the case of a GmbH, at least one managing director must be appointed, who does not have to be a shareholder in the company or a resident of Germany. Typically, shareholders can exert direct influence on the company by issuing binding instructions to the managing director. Before you decide whether LLC is the most suitable legal form for your company, you should keep in mind that this type of company shares cannot be publicly offered for sale. Meanwhile, the administrative and financial controls are less stringent compared to public companies.

Mini GmbH
Another very similar legal form for companies is called a mini-GmbH, which is essentially the same as the regular GmbH in terms of limited liability for shareholders and no restrictions on doing business. Meanwhile, it allows entrepreneurs to contribute less capital when registering the company in Germany and therefore risk with less funds to start doing business. In fact, no minimum share capital is required at all. Instead, 25% of the company's profits must be placed in special reserves until the total amount of these reserves reaches EUR 25,000. In this case, the company is transformed into a regular LLC. The Mini-GmbH enables young entrepreneurs to start their business with less capital employed, reducing their risk and lowering the cost of capital until the business is successful and generating profits.

German GmbH taxation
Typically, taxes are collected and administered by the local tax office. Local tax offices are typically responsible for administering income tax, corporate income tax (CIT), real estate transfer tax (RETT) and value-added tax (VAT). While trade tax is based on corporate taxes administered by local tax offices, enforcement of trade tax is the responsibility of municipalities. German LLCs are generally subject to the taxes explained below:

Corporate Income Tax – levied on the company's worldwide income, unless a double taxation treaty is in place. The corporate income tax rate is 15%, while corporate income tax is subject to a solidarity surcharge of 5.5%. This results in an aggregate tax rate of 15.825%;
Trade tax – is levied by the municipality where the company is based. The standard tax rate is 3.5%, while the additional multiplier is added in the range from 200% to 500% and is determined individually by each municipality. This results in an aggregate tax rate of 7% to 17.5%.
Both taxes are assessed annually, but companies are required to prepay corporate income tax and trade tax quarterly based on an estimated current year's tax due.

Some experts say that Maltese property can be described as a solid investment and of its kind offers the best ROI. Its economy is one of the fastest growing in Europe. It faced fairly rapid economic growth in 2014 and 2015. By 2016, it was nearly 8% of annual growth. However, this growth slowed somewhat in 2016 (to 5%).

This applies according to figures from the Central Bank of Malta (CBM), which is now promoting price stability in the euro area and at the same time actively participating in the preparation and decision-making process for monetary policy in the Eurosystem.

Malta's economic state
Malta's recent economic growth exceeded the experts' forecast of 4% as its economy had grown at 3.2% annually (GDP growth rate) from 2005 to 2008, then contracted by 2.4% in 2009 and slowed in 2010 when GDP growth slowed , recovered was 3.5%, then in 2011 – 1.8%, 2012 – 2.8%, 2013 – 4.5% and 2014 – 2%, as the country's budget deficit grew to about 1.4% of GDP decreased in 2015.

The data that can be found on the Maltese property market shows that property prices rose by almost 14% in the last quarter of 2016. Real estate prices increased by 7.24% in the fourth quarter of last year (2016).

Labor market Malta
The country's labor market also reflects its economic situation and the efforts of its government to stimulate the national economy by increasing labor force participation. The country's employment rate rose to 66.1% in 2016 from 63.9% in the previous year. The unemployment rate was very low, around 4.1%. The annual inflation rate in February 2017 was only a low 1.2%.

Property market prices by property type
In this way, house price increases have been experienced by all property types. For example, apartments experienced a double price increase in the last quarter of 2016. They increased by 14.99%. Townhouses experienced a price increase of 13.33% in the same year. Townhouses, villas and houses of character had not so great price growth of around 1.96% in 2016.

However, the highest price increase was seen in puppets, whose pieces increased by almost 21% in the same year. This was indicated by the individual investor program introduced by the government as part of its November 2013 budget.

Observations on the Maltese property market
According to Kevin Buttigieg, Managing Director of RE/MAX Malta, the country's real estate market is quite lively, despite the high prices, all kinds of purchases are made every day: commercial investments, foreign direct investments, real estate investments during the granting of residence permits under the IIP Citizenship Scheme, etc .

However, there are still many restrictions on property ownership in Malta as EU citizens and foreigners can usually only buy one property in the country (several in specially designated areas such as Chambray, Cottoenra, Manoel Island, Portomaso and Tigne Point).

The past experience of the Maltese property market
There was strong growth in the years 2000-2007 observed by both experts and laypeople in the Maltese property market. The overall house price index rose by 78.9%, with prices also increasing in terraced houses - 105.3%, maisonettes - 81.4%, apartments - 83.3%, terraced houses and villas - 71.9%.

Real estate prices continued to rise from 2005 to 2007. In 2008, the country was under the influence of the 2008 global financial crisis due to its reliance on tourism and foreign trade. In 2009, the country recorded a decline of 2.13%. After rebounding in 2011, house prices fell by 2.2% in 2012. This period was followed by the introduction of new property-related measures by the Maltese government. Prices continued to rise in 2014-2016 as well.

A shelf company, sometimes also called shelf or legacy company, is a company that was founded some time ago but was not operational, i.e. was put on hold. While a ready-made society has similar characteristics, the main difference between the two is that the ready-made society has only recently been registered as opposed to a shelf society.

Shelf companies are generally divided into two categories: a new shelf company or a legacy company:

Buying a new shelf company gives you the guarantee that this company has not traded, is debt free and has a complete history. The investor can be sure that business operations can be started without any administrative or financial hassles that could have arisen prior to the purchase. As a rule, these companies were founded in the past only for the purpose of later selling them as ready-made companies. In this case, the seller can provide a certificate confirming that no trade has taken place and the company is free of business debts and liabilities;
Acquiring an aging shelf company provides you with a previously active company with its trading history and potential liabilities. Therefore, it is important to get a letter from the seller confirming that all pre-acquisition obligations – including debts – lie with the seller and not the buyer. Aged shelf companies are preferred for commercial and branding purposes.
Advantages of a shelf company acquisition
The new shareholders can reap various advantages by choosing to acquire an established company rather than create a new one. Below are the most common benefits:

Often also possible from a distance - in principle, the acquisition of a finished company from abroad is also permissible - the shareholders do not have to personally participate in the acquisition process. In this case, the buyer will receive a sample power of attorney by e-mail, which must be signed, notarized and sent back by post. With the power of attorney granted by the power of attorney, new shareholders of the company are registered and all company documents are sent to the buyer by mail. After that, the bank account can also be opened remotely. This procedure may vary by country and service provider;
Less Time-Consuming – One of the key benefits, among other benefits, is the ability to save time by acquiring a ready-made company. While the average time it takes to start a new business varies greatly from country to country, the average time to start a business was nearly 21 days in 2016, according to the World Bank. The acquisition process is considered to be simple and straight forward. The company can start operations immediately. In addition, all service providers will advise on any uncertainties and facilitate the acquisition process;
Can be purchased as a complete package - one of the reasons why acquiring a ready-made business is less time-consuming is the fact that the buyer can purchase a fully registered business with a VAT and registration number, specifically licenses if needed, and even a bank account . In addition, the new owner usually receives all the documents and tax returns that were filed with the office before the purchase. Although acquiring a shelf company will cost more than starting a new business, this option can actually be less expensive when you factor in the time savings and the ability to start making money almost immediately.

Some business people find that virtual offices are an easy and inexpensive way to go global. Others feel that it offers the ability to maintain the most important thing required for successful e-commerce and marketing today - a business presence that can be established in any market.

According to Wikipedia and Investopedia, the virtual office offers address and communication services for a fee without providing dedicated office space as it is a business location that only exists in cyberspace and allows employees and business owners to work from anywhere using technological means to work – personal computer, laptop, notebook or tablet.

Benefits of using a virtual office
A full application of a virtual office term can include live professional communication. This means that all business appointments can be conducted online via telephone and video conference. Business documents can be shared, signed and sent electronically. There are some significant benefits of doing business in cyberspace.

Most important might be the fact that if the company has several or more employees, each of them can do their work from the place that is most convenient for him or her, while having the right to their own lifestyle, sleeping and resting Habits and other requirements, which can be individually adapted, are preserved. This means the company is not limited to hiring by expanding employee employment opportunities and corporate hiring opportunities.

This way of transacting and arranging business is creating new professional fields as professional as remote receptionists who can use high tech computer phone integration software to communicate with customers, virtual assistants who don't have to meet their customers in person and assist them instead virtual and other members of the virtual team.

Virtual teams can offer services such as answering machines and call centers operating from a central location to receive and transmit large numbers of inquiries over the phone, voicemail, which is basically a low-cost technology service that stores voice messages electronically , Voicemail messages can also be converted to e-mail letters to ensure high virtual mobility, virtual office space, ensuring a chance to own a high-profile, respected address in a city of the employee's choice, telephone answering service providing the Gap between the employee and bridges his or her customers.

In general, the creation of virtual offices aims to increase and increase efficiency while combining home and work together. It saves money, increases mobility and allows for cost-effective expansion without long-term commitments, keeping office costs to a minimum.

Disadvantages of using a virtual office
The other side of a virtual office is that it lacks centralization, which creates difficulties when daily work meetings and appointments are reduced. Employees have to be very proactive here in order to maintain the existing structure. The lack of interaction can also increase when there is no planned everyday communication. These are the interactions that come with a traditional work environment, like lunch breaks and conversations with coworkers about work, life, and relationships. When working remotely, communication in general can also be difficult.

The lack of a face-to-face meeting increases the likelihood of misunderstandings and misinterpretations, since in this case words sent via email or written can lack the non-verbal cues and tone of voice that could make it easier to understand what the person said and how he said it or she feels.

There is also a lack of opportunities to plan and schedule meetings, for example to meet a client at short notice, as it is not possible to arrange meetings in a specific location called an office space or office building.

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